Innovation in science and technology (S&T) is progressing at a rapid pace. Some advances have applications in weapons development – from directed energy weapons and ‘nano-’ or ‘neuroweapons’ to swarms of autonomous robotic platforms. Such developments can challenge established norms for the maintenance of international peace and security, the protection of human rights, and the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Nuanced debate and effective policy responses to these challenges are needed at the global level.